Last updated: 19 May 2026. Maintained by: Neil Brown, cybersecurity advocate.
Definitions
Adware shows unwanted ads or pop-ups. Spyware watches activity or collects information without clear permission. Malware is the broader term for harmful software, including viruses, trojans, ransomware, and other threats.
Common signs of infection
Watch for new browser extensions, strange search pages, constant pop-ups, slower performance, unexpected redirects, or security warnings from unknown tools. One symptom does not prove infection, but several symptoms deserve attention.
What not to click
Do not click fake cleanup pop-ups, scare warnings, or download buttons on random sites. Do not call phone numbers shown in browser alerts. Close the browser and use trusted tools instead.
Safe first steps
Update your browser and operating system. Remove suspicious extensions. Run a scan with Windows Security or another trusted product. If needed, use a known cleanup scanner such as Malwarebytes Free for a second opinion.
Password and backup advice
If you suspect spyware, change important passwords from a clean device. Turn on two-factor authentication for email, banking, and shopping accounts. Keep backups so ransomware or device failure does not become a crisis.
When to seek help
Get help if pop-ups return, banking activity looks strange, or you cannot remove a suspicious program. For prevention, read What Does Antivirus Software Actually Do?, Windows Security, and Best Free Antivirus.
